A competition based on chance, in which numbered tickets are sold and prizes given to the holders of numbers drawn at random. Lotteries are popular among many populations and serve to raise money for government, charities, or other purposes. Historically, the casting of lots for decisions and determination of fate has been a common practice throughout history, with early examples including keno slips from the Chinese Han dynasty (205 BC to 187 AD) and the Book of Songs of the Tang dynasty (4th century AD). Modern state lotteries usually offer cash prize amounts.
The popularity of lotteries is primarily due to their perceived role as beneficial public services. The argument that lottery proceeds are used for education, for example, is an effective one in convincing voters to support them, especially in times of financial stress. But studies show that lotteries are still popular even when the objective fiscal health of state governments is good, and they retain broad public approval as a means to raise money.
Despite the fact that the odds of winning are incredibly low, a large number of people continue to play lottery games. Their reasons vary from the inextricable human urge to gamble to the belief that they will somehow find a way out of their current circumstances and become wealthy. Some believe that the results of previous lottery drawings can be used to predict future outcomes. Others simply have faith that they are being rewarded for their “good deeds” by being given the opportunity to win.
As the public becomes increasingly accustomed to lotteries, the amount of money that they generate is often higher than expected at the outset. This has led to the introduction of new types of games to maintain or increase revenues. The most significant recent innovation has been the introduction of so-called instant games, such as scratch-off tickets, which provide lower prize amounts but much more dependable and consistent winnings than traditional drawing-based lotteries.
While the popularity of lottery games continues to increase, their social and economic impacts are controversial. In some cases, the lottery industry has exploited vulnerable populations, including children and the elderly. In other cases, the lottery has contributed to a decline in social mobility. The majority of lottery players are from middle-income neighborhoods, but the proportion who come from lower-income areas is disproportionately large.
Lottery advertising is ubiquitous, with billboards and other forms of marketing urging the public to buy a ticket for a chance to win a big prize. Some states have banned lottery ads for children, but this has not reduced the overall level of promotion. It is important to consider the effects of the lottery on society before deciding whether it should be permitted or prohibited.
The authors of this article would like to thank the OECD Secretariat for its assistance in the preparation of this paper. The views expressed herein are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD.